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Haldne's rule and mechanisms of hybrid female sterility in birds
Baránková, Lucie ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Jansa, Petr (referee)
Hybrid sterility is one of the mechanisms of intrinsic postzygotic reproduction barriers between species and plays a key role in the process of speciation, which is emergence of new species. In accordance with Haldane's rule, hybrid sterility affects preferably the heterogametic sex, which means that in organisms with XY chromosomes, such as mammals or drosophila, male sterility will be affected by sterility of hybrid offspring, while organisms with ZW chromosomes such as birds or butterflies, will be a sterile hybrid female. Symptoms and mechanisms of hybrid sterility are well studied in organisms with heterogametic males, whereas far fewer studies have been performed on organisms with heterogamous females. In my bachelor thesis I will introduce the basic theories explaining the two general rules of speculation, the Haldane rule and the associated great influence of chromosome X or Z on the occurrence of hybrid sterility. Furthermore, in my work I will deal with the manifestations of hybrid sterility of females in birds and in the selected species will introduce the mechanisms that cause this sterility. Key words: Haldane's rule, hybrid sterility, speciation, birds, postzygotic izolation
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Evolution of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation in birds
Opletalová, Kamila ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Vošlajerová, Barbora (referee)
Hybrid sterility plays a key role in reproductive isolation during evolution of species. The mechanisms responsible for hybrid sterility are relatively well understood in organisms with heterogametic males, such as drosophila or mouse but are largely unknown in organisms with heterogametic females (e.g. birds). Studies on reproductive isolation in birds takes place in natural hybrid zones, instead of captivity. Hybrid sterility preferentially affects the heterogametic sex, males in mammals (XY) and females in birds (ZW), according to Haldane's rule. This leads to reduced introgression in sex chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA compared to autosomal DNA. The purpose of this thesis is to summarize known information on hybrid sterility and its expression in two models of interspecies hybridization: flycatchers and nightingales. Additionally, this thesis contains also a practical part, which compares morfology of sperms of two species of nightingales. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Genetics and Genomics of Hybrid Sterility
Bhattacharyya, Tanmoy ; Forejt, Jiří (advisor) ; Pravenec, Michal (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Ph.D. study program: Molecular and Cellular Biology, Genetics and Virology Abstract Genetics and genomics of hybrid sterility Mgr. Tanmoy Bhattacharyya Supervisor: Prof. MUDr. Jiří Forejt, DrSc. Praha 2013 Abstract Male-limited hybrid sterility restricts gene flow between the related species, an important pre- requisite of speciation. The F1 hybrid males of PWD/Ph female (Mus m. musculus subspecies) and C57BL/6J or B6 male (Mus m. domesticus) are azoospermic and sterile (PB6F1), while the hybrids from the reciprocal (B6PF1) cross are semi fertile. A disproportionately large effect of the X chromosome (Chr) on hybrid male sterility is a widespread phenomenon accompanying the origin of new species. In the present study, we mapped two phenotypically distinct hybrid sterility loci Hstx1 and Hstx2 to a common 4.7 Mb region on Chr. X. Analysis of meiotic prophase I of PB6F1 sterile males revealed meiotic block at mid-late pachynema and the TUNEL assay showed apoptosis of arrested spermatocytes. In sterile males over 95% of pachytene spermatocytes showed one or more unsynapsed autosomes visualized by anti SYCP1, HORMAD2 and SYCP3 antibodies. The phosphorylated form of H2AFX histone, normally restricted only to XY chromosome containing sex body decorated unsynapsed...
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